美国历史史诗电影-《美国往事》

梅花鹿

来源：知乎 作者：Iori

多年前，当我还不曾一窥光影奥秘的时候，我在伟大的《教父》前睡着了。奇怪的是，面对刺耳电话声以及完全不知道故事主线的前四十分钟，我保持了清醒，并完整看完了这部电影。字幕在面条的笑容上滚动着，尽管不知道全片讲了什么，我还是激动地告诉朋友：沧桑，太他妈沧桑了。连剧情都没弄清楚的我之所以会说出这两个字，是因为我的的确确感受到了那种情绪，它让我汗毛直竖，仿佛若干年后的我正在回顾当下生活，唏嘘感慨。现在想来，沧桑这个字眼，是大部分人评论《美国往事》很难不使用的一个词，也是本片在中国影迷里额外有地位的秘密。

国人对于电影的评价，大多是将情感思想（尤其是怀古伤今类型）凌于技法之上的——即使是懂得重视欣赏电影语言的观众也多如此——这很可能与东方文化的细腻有关，属于骨子里的偏好和倾向。就像大家很少钟情复仇或悲剧主题一样，西方对「义气」「时过境迁」这种故事内核比较不感冒，甚至概念模糊。事实上，英文里是没有准确表达「沧桑」含义的单词的（如有误请指正），而表达相同语境的汉字词组、谚语、诗句则有很多，自古下来，已经形成一种文化的偏爱。我们对时间的流逝，更为敏感。因此包括本片在内，诸如《天堂电影院》《海上钢琴师》等豆瓣超高分电影与IMDB等网站形成反差都是情理之中的，不存在过誉与否的问题。

那么，这部电影到底厉害在哪里，可以让一个根本没看懂的毛头小子也觉得自己霎时满头白发？

除了全人类都能听出好的莫里康内的音乐之外，营造沧海桑田感很重要的技巧，就是后话前置。

记得在知乎看过一道题是有关最好的文学开场白，前两名分别是《情人》与《百年孤独》的hook。这两句话的共同点是把经历了岁月的不可逆的结果前置，用冷静口吻道出，仿佛期间的所有光阴都被压缩于其中。《美国往事》便是如此，把最坏的结果在开头缓缓演绎，而三十五年的长度，也只是一个反打镜头和一句yesterday。当看了显然是物是人非的前40分钟后，我们知道故事是一个向下的基调，于是在情节发展过程中每一处美好和遗憾都容易被观众叹惋，加剧了戏剧冲突带来的情感体验。回忆被全人类所珍惜，正在于其无法再现的特性。当德尼罗平静而深情的目光穿过那面墙时，观众很容易把自己蒙了尘的过去与飘着面粉、梦幻一般的情景相连，好像记忆是可视而鲜活的，好像当年所钟爱的任何事物，都和Deborah一样美。

本片还有个译名叫《义薄云天》，可见面条的江湖义气是被许多人重视的元素。以他为首的犹太黑帮见证并参与了美国发展史，而他却始终保留着重感情的街头习性，毫无做大事野心。比起政客，大家当然更喜欢有江湖气的角色。Noodles入狱期间对Dominic之死的惦怀，以及对Max说的那一句「It’s just the way I see things」，都教人不免动容。可以说，整个故事的冲突，都是建立在Noodles对爱情与友情的珍视之上，拥有并维系它们，便是他的人物目标。为了给目标设碍，这些东西面条注定要失去，而全片展示的就是失去的过程。包括莱翁在内此电影共有六位编剧，他们聪明地把视角集中在面条与其情感上，将涉入美国重大事件的团体历程退居次位，使全片充满了诗意。

赛尔乔·莱昂内对原著小说《The Hoods》进行了主观表达式的改编，面条和Max曾拥有而又遗失的一切，正是美国在他眼中的样子：梦幻与现实混合交替，在这个多元的国土上彼此相悖。他曾说，这部电影与其说是美国往事，不如被称为「一种类型电影的往事」。我想他提到的「类型」应该不单指黑帮、历史背景、爱恨情仇这些题材，还包括了经典剪辑、首位呼应、闪回等技术特征，代表着美国工业，更代表了莱翁对电影的情怀。

多年以后的我，已经可以观察到《教父》在电影技法上的全面与完美，相较下，《美国往事》在技术层面要逊色不少；前者是客观上的影史前列作品，后者则始终是我个人的最爱。当大特写给到德尼罗无可挑剔的表情、莫里康内的曲子悠悠响起时，我知道，那些平实的镜头凝结了莱昂内电影生涯的执着与感悟，是大师才有的炉火纯青。

翻翻文件夹，至今也写了十几万字的观影笔记，唯独此片，是我看了多遍仍不敢动笔解析的。太多人倾诉过对它的热爱，所以多余的评论在此我就不做了，只能由衷感恩这部电影的存在，庆幸我们可以看到更接近莱昂内创作原貌的版本，并向所有相关人员表示敬意。某天，如果你看到一个人在布鲁克林大桥下摆出Dominic的姿势、用山寨机放着Amapola自我陶醉，记得把我忧伤蛋疼的眼神照下，并提醒我从这场光影梦中醒来。

接下来是修复版的内容，写这些的过程中我把它看了三遍，终于得出一句精简的感想：

我全身的鸡皮疙瘩都不够用了。

【其他】

容我膜拜一下德尼罗的演技，这两句台词是饱受沧桑的老面条情绪波澜最大、也最想保持淡然的时刻。第一句是他与Max会面中最具激怒效果的台词，后者则是无论谁都会动容的昨日重现。在已然处事不惊的Noodles脸上微微掠过的这两个表情自然到几乎无法被注意，将角色的内外情感表现到了极致。我说罗拔老前辈，您演技这么牛逼您自己知道吗？

Deborah在车站买的报纸，头版写着禁酒令废除在下午5：32被批准。（为海滩戏铺垫）

面条二人在医院决定去加州后，乔派西饰演的Frankie入画，默默按了上楼键，估计是他把卡车生意接下了。乔派西在本片里没展示骂人功力，不开心。

让人遗憾的是，詹妮弗康纳利无法穿越回去，扮演她自己长大的样子。简直是世界上最美丽生物的少女Deborah，在片中分明是长残了。这是我后来才发现的一个事实：

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